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THREATENED AND ENDANGERED PLANTS
OF THE WILLOW CREEK DRAINAGE
0>K
.a*
VOLUME I
TEXT
Submitted to:
Bureau of Land Management
Vernal, Utah
Contract No.: YA-51 2-CT9-1 05
by:
Meiiji Resource Consultants
1979
Authors: Leila M. Shultz - Plant taxonomist
Utah State University
Kathryn M. Mutz - Ecologist
Meiiji Resource Consultants
M LIBRARY
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT
Library >
Denver Service Center
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TABLE OF CONTENTS v*t)t qJ^^T^ '
BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT ^ ^
Library
VOLUME I - TEXT Denver Service Center Page
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
INTRODUCTION 1
GEOLOGY AND PHYSIOGRAPHY 4
FLORISTIC ELEMENTS - GENERAL 7
Plant Distribution in the Uinta Basin 9
Factors in Endemism 12
Endemics of the Willow Creek Area and
Distribution of Related Species 14
POPULATION/HABITAT DATA FORMS AND MAPS 18
SPECIES STATUS REPORT 19
Aquilegia barnebyi 19
Cryptantha barnebyi 22
Cryptantba grahamii 24
Cymopterus duchesnensis 26
Eriogonum ephedroides 28
Eriogonum intermontanum 31
Glaucocarpum suffrutescens 33
Mirabilis alipes 36
Penstemon grahamii 38
Physaria grahami 43
Sclerocactus glaucus 44
Thelypodiopsis argillacea 47
Townsendia mensana 51
SUMMARY OF IMPACTS 55
BIBLIOGRAPHY 56
58
1. General Distribution Maps 58
2. Abbreviations 71
3. Uinta Basin Specimens 72
4. Site Location Maps 74
VOLUME II - POPULATION/HABITAT DATA FORMS & PHOTOS
MEIIJT RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT
Page
Figure 1. Perimeter of study area;
Willow Creek Drainage Threatened and
Endangered plant inventory 2
Facing Page
Plate 1. Aquilegia barnebyi 18
Plate 2. Cryptantha barnebyi 21
Plate 3. Cryptantha grahamii 23
Plate 4. Cymopterus duchesnensis 25
Plate 5. Eriogonum ephedroides 27
Plate 6. Glaucocarpum suffrutescens 32
Plate 7. Mirabilis alipes 35
Plate 8. Penstemon grahamii 37
Plate 9. Sclerocactus glaucus 43
Plate 10. Thelypodiopsis argillacea 46
Plate 11. Townsendia mensana 50
Page
Table 1. Summary of Status Recommendations 54
MEIIJT RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-TV-
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to individually thank several people who contributed
to this project. J.S. Shultz did much of the field work; d.S. Peterson
contributed field time, friendship and made available all his data and
slides of cryptantha barnebyi; J.L. England of the Vernal B.L.M. gave
field time and much mental energy to initiate the field season; staff
of the Garrett and Brigham Young Herbariums provided access to their
collections and other assistance.
Specimens have been sent for verification to R. Rollins (Physaria)
and J. Reveal (Eriogonum) . We thank these men for their valuable time.
We also acknowledge the many years of effort that others have
expended studying the unique flora of the Uinta Basin. Without a basis
in this work, our 1979 field season would have accomplished a great deal
less.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
INTRODUCTION
Intelligent management of public lands requires informed, long-term
planning. A critical element of this planning process is knowledge of
the areas resources.
This study was initiated to inventory proposed Threatened and
Endangered plants in the Willow Creek drainage of the Vernal district,
Bureau of Land Management. Attention was also given to locating new
plants and extending the known ranges of species in this endemic rich
area of the Uinta Basin.
Beginning 10 May 1979 the study area was systematically canvassed
for these species (Figure 1). The majority of field work was completed
by 25 June 1979 with minor field surveys conducted in mid-July and
early September. Initial reconnaissance was based on habitat characteristics
of known populations. As new sites were located, the additional habitat
information was used to guide remaining field work. Due to the
heterogeneity of habitats, the variety of terrain and inconsistency of
access, some sections were visited several times and carefully canvassed on
foot while others were visited only briefly by vehicle. We attempted
to count small, discreet populations and estimate larger, scattered ones.
Reported population sizes should be considered minimums since many
plants were probably overlooked.
Several private, state, and Ute Indian holdings are located within
the perimeter of the study area. These areas were not surveyed in detail
but some populations from these areas (usually located along roads) are
indicated on the maps. Sites outside the study area were visited on
several occasions to aid in identification of habitats.
Selection of 1979 for this plant survey was timely. Moisture appears
to have been above average. After a drought in 1977, rain gauge stations
in or near the study area* show average or above average precipitation from
late winter to spring (January through April) of 1978 and 1979.
Although a good water year is not often critical to a survey of
perennials, optimal conditions for growth and flowering probably made
* Data derived from B.L.M. records for Mayo (T. 14 S., R. 22 E., Sec. 11,
elev. 1980m) and Cottonwood (T. 11 S., R. 21 E., Sec. 21, elev. 1825m)
rain gauges.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-3-
many of the species more conspicuous.
The species discussed individually in this report (pp. 19-54)
were treated in three catagories: (1) species considered sufficiently
rare to warrant a careful inventory - individual sites of these
populations are mapped (Appendix 1: scale approximately 1:24,000),
(2) species which are abundant or widespread within the study area -
approximate distribution of these are noted by code names in the
upper right corner of sections in which they were found,* and (3)
other interesting or important endemics of the area - only general
distribution maps are provided (Appendix 2).
Only the original set of maps include all of these notations
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-4-
PHYSIOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY
The setting of the Willow Creek drainage Threatened and Endangered
plant inventory is the Uinta Basin of northeastern Utah, a structural,
depositional and topographic basin formed during the Laramide orogeny
of the late Cretaceous to Eocene. This 7000 mi area (excluding the
Piceance Basin of Colorado) is bounded by the Wasatch range and
Douglas Creek Arch to the west and east and the Uinta Mountains and
Roan Cliffs to the north and south. The basin is sharply asymetric with
its axis and, consequently thickest beds near the Uinta Mountains. All
of the exposed beds of the study area and the majority of those of the
Uinta Basin are Eocene in origin. South of the axis, the beds dip dently
forming a north sloping plateau. Consequently a given bed does not lie
at the same elevation along its north-south extent. This sloping pattern
complicates the influence of geology and elevation on plant distributions.
Cashion (1967, from whom this discussion of geology is liberally
derived) describes the Uinta Basin as a "jagged-edged lens of lacustrine
strata enveloped in a shell of fluvial strata." The lens of lake
sediments, the Green River Formation, is the geologic focal point of
this study. The stream deposits below (Wasatch) and above (Uinta)
interfinger with the Green River Formation but seem to have little
influence (with one exception) on the endemics of the area. Locally,
"interfingering" appears as alternate layers of the formations e.g., _
brown Uinta sandstone and white Green River shale.
The Green River Formation is composed mainly of marl stone (described
as white or grey shale in the data sheets), oil shale, silt stone and
tuff with some limestone and sandstone. Marlstone, the most abundant
constituent, weathers to angular clasts or chips, depending on the
thickness of bedding, and finally to a clayey soil. The color of the
clasts and soil depends substantially on surface salt precipitates.
The marlstone itself is grey to black depending on its kerogen (oil)
content.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
5-
Within the study area, the formation is somewhat arbitrarily divided
into three members with minor compositional differences. Beginning
with the oldest deposits, the Douglas Creek Member is notable for its
limestone and sandstone which characteristically outcrop as cliffs,
ledges and steep slopes. The Parachute Creek Member has the major
oil shale and tuff deposits of the area. The Mahogany Ledge near
the bottom of the Parachute Creek Member is the most kerogen rich section
in the formation. It varies from one to hundreds of meters thick,
averaging less than 10m in the study area. The Mahogany Marker, a
tuff bed about 3-7 m above the oil shale bed, weathers to orange-brown
rectangular blocks which resemble sandstone. The tuff is often indicated
on data sheets as orange, blocky litter. The Horse Bench, a thick
competent sandstone bed forms the contact between Parachute and
Evacuation Creek Members. In addition to this and minor sandstone beds,
the Evacuation Creek Member is primarily marlstone and siltstone with
some tuff. This upper member of the Green River Formation interfingers
with the Uinta Formation, a hard brown sandstone. The main body of the
Uinta Formation outcrops inverticle cliffs of sandstone capping the loose
white shale slopes of the Green River Formation. The material weathers
to smooth and angular clasts and finally to a sandy-silty soil.
Within the Uinta Basin, the study area includes about 217,000 acres
of the Vernal district of the Bureau of Land Management. Major
waterways of the area have created the principal topographic features:
Willow, Hill and Bitter Creeks flow northward from their sources in
the Roan Cliffs to eventually mingle with the Green River. Cutting
downward in elevation, the creeks climb upward through the stratigraphic
layers of the northward dipping plateau.
Interstream land areas are bench- and mesa-like with steep upper slopes
merging into shallow tongues near the valley floors. The two major
stream divides, Wild Horse Bench and Big Pack Mountain, are capped with
Uinta Formation. The other important plateau, between Willow and Bitter
Creeks, progresses from an undissected Uinta Formation bench (north
Seep Ridge Road) to shallow hills of the upper Green River Formation
(Bates Knolls quad) and finally to a deeply dissected area with steep
walled canyons of the Douglas Creek Member and Wasatch Formation (e.g.,
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
Bull and Main Canyons).
Elevation of the study area ranges from 1400 m near the Green
River to over 2200 m in the plateaus near the Roan Cliffs.
MEIIJT RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-7-
FLORISTIC ELEMENTS - GENERAL
It is generally agreed that the Intermountain Flora acquired its
special characteristics during the Miocene epoch (Axel rod, 1950;
Cronquist, 1978). During Miocene and Pliocene times the present desert
regions supported a species composition similar to the present pinyon-
juniper communities.
The trend- to a drier, more continental climate culminated in the
middle Pliocene, 4-5 million years ago (Axelrod, 1950). There was a
shift in the late Pliocene to cooler, moister conditions. Tectonic
movement was dramatic during the Miocene and Pliocene and the region
was the scene of great uplifts. The latitude of the region has remained
unchanged since the beginning of the Cretaceous, although continental
shift has been to the west (Dietz and Holden, 1970).
The upward movement of the Colorado Plateau began in early Tertiary
times and was complete in the Miocene epoch (Roberts, 1968 - Axelrod,
1950 disagrees).
During the Pleistocene there were a number of glacial and interglacial
stages. Glaciers extended well down the slopes of the Uinta Mountains,
but there is no evidence of glacial activity in the Basin. We are probably
in an interglacial period at the present time.
The trend in vegetational shifts during glacial fluctuations was
an expansion of mesophytes at the expense of xerophytes during glacial
periods, and the reverse expansion during interglacial periods. The
climatic reversals of the Pleistocene caused up and down shifts, or
"reverse migrations" (Cronquist, 1978). These shifts favor hybridization
and genetic mixing.
A gradual drying trend that began approximately 50 million years
ago is best evidenced in the Eocene Green River flora in the Uinta
Basin. Fossil records from this flora resemble those in the Colorado
Florissant flora. The vegetation preserved in these floras is of a
topical-savannah woodland (Axelrod, 1950).
There was a temperature drop in the Oligocene and the climate
has not warmed again to Cretaceous levels. Grasses and dicotyledonous
herbs become important floristic elements during the Oligocene (Axelrod,
1950).
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-8-
The major floristic elements in the present day Uinta Basin are
derived from both the Madro-Tertiary and Arcto-Tertiary elements. The
ecotone between Arcto- and Madro-Tertiary vegetation was established in
the Miocene and multiplied greatly during Quaternary time (Raven and
Axelrod, 1978; Axelrod, 1966).
The Madro-Tertiary floristic element is the dominant component
of the Basin flora. Plants from this element may be grouped into
sub-elements as follows (Weber, 1965).
MADRO-TERTIARY ELEMENT
Chihuahuan Subelement:
Pinus edulis
Quercus gambellii
Sonoran - Great Basin Subelement:
Astragalus
Cryptantha
Gilia
Haplopappus (Chrysothamnus 1*S derived from Haplopappus)
Phacelia
Physaria
Alpine - Desert Disjuncts:
Hymenoxys acaulis
The Madro-Tertiary geoflora is adapted to dry, warm conditions and
consists of a number of xeromorphic shrubs. Trees are restricted to
favorable habitats or completely wanting. (The name Madro- is from the
Sierra Madre Occidental of northwestern Mexico). There is no clear
evidence of species associations, or communities, from this flora
(Cronquist, 1978).
The Arcto-Tertiary element in the western arid North American
flora is primarily the Asian desert plants that probably migrated across
the Beeringran land connection. Three very important genera in the
west have evolved from old-world Arcto-Tertiary floras. These are
Artemis iaf Art iplex, and Astragalus (Axel rod, 1950).
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
PLANT DISTRIBUTION IN THE UINTA BASIN
The Uinta Mountains and Uinta Basin have been variously considered
as part of the Great Basin floristic province, the Southern Rocky
Mountains, and the Colorado Plateaus. There are some areas of overlap
and a discussion of floristic elements must deal with the trends in
a broad geographic area. The choice of one of these terms is largely
a matter of degree of distinction. For our purposes, we will use the
floristic divisions of the Intermountain Region proposed by Noel Holmgren
in Cronquist et. al . (1972) and consider the Uinta Basin as a section within
the Colorado Plateau Division, as distinct from the Uinta Mountains,
Wasatch Mountains, and Great Basin Divisions.
The Uinta Basin forms a natural depression at the present time,
bounded by the Uinta Mountains to the north, the Colorado Rocky Mountains
to the east, the Tavaputs escarpment to the south, and the Wasatch
Mountains to the west. These high elevation boundaries form effective
barriers to plant migrations, with the exception of one river drainage
which has cut nearly vertically through the high Tavaputs Plateau country.
The Green River drains to the south, creating the lowest elevation found
in the Basin, at 1280 m in Desolation Canyon.
Although the steep cliffs along the Green River do not provide
favorable habitat for plant migration by land, the drainage would be
effective in providing a route for seed dispersion by water. This route
could explain north to south plant migrations, but would not provide
opportunity for plant migrations "upstream". The Tavaputs escarpment may
therefore be considered an effective block to an expansion of the
Canyonlands-SanRafael Swell floras into the Uinta Basin. There is,
however, a great deal of similarity between these floras and there was,
no doubt, large-scale genetic exchange at one time.
There are a number of species that are widespread in more southerly
arid areas. An enumeration here of the species which reach their
northernmost distribution in the Uinta Basin would be useful. These
species are generally distributed on the Colorado Plateau, and
occasionally also through the Dixie Corridor into the Great Basin
MEIIJT RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-10-
floristic province.
Amsonia jonesii
Artiplex cuneata
Artemisia bigelovii
Camissonia eastwoodiae
Castilleja scabrida
Cryptantha humilis
Enceliopsis nutans
Ephedra torreyana
Eriogonum shockleyi
Forsellesia meionandra
Glyptopleura marginata
Hermidium alipes (Mirabilis a.)
Linum aristatum
Opuntia rhodantha
Platyschkuhria oblongifolia (Bahia o.)
Psora lea megalantha
Thelesperma subnuda
Tiquilia nuttallii (Coldenia n.)
Xylorhiza venusta (Machaeranthera v.)
There are a number of endemics, largely edaphic endemics that are
found to the north and south of the Tavaputs Plateau. Clay barrens of the
Mancos Shale area near Price harbor some species also found on clays
in the Uinta Basin. There are also some disjunct distributions from
the San Rafael Swell. Species include:
Chamaechaenactis scaposa
Eriogonum batemanii
E. tumulosum
Festuca dasyclada
Gilia stenothyrsa
Oxytropis jonesii
Even though these species have disjunct distributions from the Uinta
Basin to the Canyonland and Utah Plateaus section, they remain part
of the Colorado Plateau division and can be considered endemics
Of that division (with the possible exception Of Festuca dasyclada,
which occurs in a canyon on the east side of the Wasatch Plateau and
may well have migrated upward from a once more widespread lowland distri-
bution.
Some of the species found in the Uinta Basin and to the north
of the Uinta Mountains in the arid region of southern Wyoming and Idaho
are the following:
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
n
Arenaria hooker i var. desertorum
Astragalus cymboides
A. pubentissimus
A. spatulatus
Cryptantha breviflora (Idaho: Shultz & Shultz 1978 collection)
C. stricta
Erigeronnematophyllus (UTAH: Shultz et. al . 1979 collection)
Eriogonum brevicaule
Oxytropis obnapiformis
Penstemon acaulis
Species that are restricted to the Uinta Basin and are considered narrow
endemics include the following:
** Aguilegia barnebyi
Astragalus chlbodes
A. detritalis
* A. duchesnensis
A. hamiltonii
* A. lutosus
A. saurinus
** Bolophyta ligulata , (Parthenium ligulatum)
** Cryptantha barnebyi
** C. grahamii
** C. rollinsii
** Cymopterus duchesnensis
** Eriogonum ephedroides
E. hylophilum
** E. intermontanum
E. saurinum
* E. vlridulum
** Glaucocarpum suffrutescens
Lepidium barnebyanum
** Penstemon grahamii
** Physaria grahami
** Sclerocactus glaucus
** Thelypodiopsis argillacea
** Townsendia mensana
Species with two asterisks (**■) occur in the southern Uinta Basin study
area, Willow Creek drainage. Species with one asterisk (*) occur within
10 miles of the study area boundary. Of the estimated 24 Uinta Basin
endemics, 14 or 58% occur in the Willow Creek drainage. All but one
of these {Thelypodiopsis argillacea) occur on shales of the Green River
Formation.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-12-
A number of endemics restricted to the Uinta Basin are closely
related to species that occur in areas geographically isolated from the
Uinta Basin. Common ancestral stock is implied in the species
similarities and present distributions of related species may provide
the best clue we have to past migrational routes, geologic events,
and climatic histories.
FACTORS IN ENDEMISM
There appear to be many factors operating in the "creation" of
endemics. Generalizations cannot be made concerning reasons for
endemism unless one restricts discussion to a particular floristic
province and its unique vegetation component. In California, for
example, the highest proportion of endemics occurs in low mountain
ranges of moderate climate, i.e. those covered by continuous summer
fog that become neither excessively hot or cold during the long rainless
summer. Stebbins and Major (1965) suggest that the degree of endemism
in these areas may be associated with their diversity of topography,
soil, and climate. It is interesting to note, however, that the
highest degree of endemism occurs in the wettest areas with the
smallest extremes of climate, such as Mt. Tamalpais and the Santa
Cruz Mountains with mean precipations between 46 and 56 in. (1200 - 1400 mm)
and nearly continuous summer fog. This is the exact opposite of the
trend to narrow endemism within the Great Basin, where the greatest
proportion of endemics occurs in the low arid areas between the mountain
ranges.
If we take a more narrow focus, a corner of northeastern Utah,
we might explain the lack of endemics in the mountains by the glacial
"scouring" that took place during Pleistocene. The Uinta Mountains
are indeed singularly poor in endemic species. Mountain ranges within
the Great Basin region did not, however, receive widespread glaciation.
There was no continental ice sheet in the area and mountain glaciation
was restricted to the higher elevations, leaving a number of localized
areas for refugia.
The evolution of endemics is obviously the result of a complex
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
13-
of factors. Selection mechanisms will affect different organisms,
depending on the genetic make-up.
Within the Uinta Basin there appears to be an agglomeration
of narrow endemics just north of the Tavaputs escarpment. If one
considers climatic change as the single or most important factor in
plant distributions, itwouldbe tempting to envision a southern
migration of plant species with the trend to colder temperatures. There
is such a trend operating now, in fact many interpret the present post-
Pleistocene climate as an inter-glacial period that is now trending
consistently to a colder climate.
The following discussion of Uinta Basin endemics and their
related species should illustrate that endemism is more than the
result of minor temperature fluctuations. The links to related species
in different parts of the region indicate that many of Uinta Basin
endemics have survived a number of temperature cycles and widespread
tectonic movement that eventually resulted in the isolation of the
Basin. Although reaction to climatic change has certainly been a
selective force, there seems to be a greater complex of factors
contributing to endemism.
Most of the southern Uinta Basin endemics are restricted to
"islands" of unusual geologic substrates. The clearly defined limits
of these islands and the absolute restriction of the rare species
to these areas is good evidence that edaphic factors play a major
role in endemism. We know of a number of species that require certain
unusual minerals for growth, stanieya integrifolia, for instance,
is an obligate selenophile that occurs sporadically throughout the Uinta
Basin. This species is associated with a number of the endemic populations
and is an indication of selenium in those soils. It has also
been reported that Bolophyta (Parthenium) ligulata may be a species
that only grows in association with selenium (Weber, 1965).
Soils high in selenium are widespread through the Willow Creek
area and undoubtedly play an important role in determining the
distributions. Based on the distribution of stanieya, we can say
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-14-
that selenium appears to be present in most members of the Green River
Formation. Another sporadically occuring mineral is gypsum. We found
gypsum crystals in the red sands of the Uinta Formation, in the same
location as populations of Theiypodiopsis argiiiacea. Other endemics -
Penstemon grahamii , Cryptantha barnebyi , Eriogonum ephedroides - are
consistently found on shale layers just above the Mahogany Zone or
oil rich shale layers. Unusual, or discontinuous soil factors are
undoubtedly a major factor in the existence of a unique flora.
The observations by Kruckeberg in 1969 may best explain this
soil-plant relationship. He states that he is "inclined to the view
that many of the unusual biological problems associated with ultramific
(high in magnesium and iron) substrates are nothing but extreme
expressions of rather universal consequences of discontinuities in
environmental factors. On other atypical soil types, there may be
encountered in some degree: the floristic problems of endemism and
locally adapted variants; the ecological problems of arrested succession,
pioneer habitat, and reduced competition; and the physiological problems
of tolerance to exceptional nutrient status, local aridity, and other
microclimatic effects." Again, it is a discontinuity in soil type that
may best explain a unique flora.
Experimental transplating of Penstemon grahwaii to garden soil in
northern Utah is a success so far. It seems, therefore, that the
restriction of the species to barren shale knolls in the Uinta Basin
must be more a factor of the species inability to compete than a
requirement for a particular mineral. Penstemon grahmaii can apparently
tolerate a stressed (probably by high salt concentration) environment
that most other species in the area do not tolerate. The barren shale
"retreat" may therefore be the only habitat lacking competition
from other plants.
ENDEMICS OF THE WILLOW CREEK AREA AND DISTRIBUTIONS OF RELATED SPECIES
Townsendia mensana is probably derived from ancestral stock in the
Wasatch Mountains, where the related t. montana grows. Beaman (1957, p. 91
states that "the ancestral stock in the Wasatch region may have
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
15-
differentiated into low-elevation t. mensana and high elevation
T. montana." Some relationship between the two species is shown
by the similar habitat, the similar involucral bracts (especially
between r. montana and the southern Nevada populations of t. mensana
var. jonesii which have broad, obtuse phyl1ari.es), and the similar
light pubescence of the phyllaries.
Eriogonum intermontanum IS most closely related to E. humivagans ,
which we know from two locations in an area between Monti cello
and the Utah-Colorado border. Eriogonum scoparium may have provided the
intervening common gene pool from which the two endemics evolved.
Penstemon grahmaii is likely derived from Stock common to Penstemon miser,
a species occurring primarily on sandy soils through Nevada. The
striking morphological similarity suggests that there has been little
genetic divergence since the species were isolated.
Aqiulegia barnebyi is a member of a genus known for frequent
hybridization and reproductive barriers that appear to be the result
of geographic isolation rather than genetic incompatibility. Isolation
by short ranging pollinators may be the main factor in species separation,
but separation may still be validly made. Aguiiegia formosa (widespread)
and Aquilegia micrantha (Canyonland endemic) are the nearest relatives.
There are a number of Rocky Mountain endemics in Aguiiegia, but the
genus is one of circumboreal distribution.
Sclerocactus glaucus and S. mesae-verde, of Southwestern
Colorado, have probably evolved in fairly recent times from a
common ancestor.
Eriogonum ephedroides , E. saurinum and E. viridulum, all Uinta
Basin endemics, are morphologically similar. Although closely related,
there are no known hybrids and species distinctions have not been questioned.
Eriogonum is a genus which occurs only in western North America and has
probably evolved primarily since the Miocene. Evolution has been rapid,
nearly explosive in geologic time, with a total number of species
approaching 250. Nearly 40% of the species are endemic, and these
are primarily survivors on unusual soil substrates.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
16-
cryptantha is another genus with a high proportion of endemics.
Again, the species are often edaphic endemics of western North America.
Considering only the perennial species, which are wholey North American,
30% are narrow endemics.
Giaucocarpum is a monotypic genus that is known only from the
southern Uinta Basin, west of Hill Creek to Willow Creek. It is a
member of the mustard family (BRASSICACEAE) in which generic limits
are generally ill-defined. The closest relationships may be found in
the perennial Schoenocrambe lini folia (formerly Sisymbrium 1.),
Theiypodium, and Theiypodiopsis - primarily western North American
genera. Theiypodiopsis argiiiacea is a species undiscovered until 1976
when it was found by Larry England and Duane Atwood near the type locality
for Giaucocarpum suffrutescens. Neither species is considered recently
evolved and an ancient ancestral link is possible.
Cymopterus duchesnensis is closely related to C. rosei which 1*S
endemic to the Wasatch Plateau. Cymopterus purpureus is more widespread,
occurs sympatrically with the two endemics, and may also be derived from
common ancestral stock.
Bolophyta ligulata, until recently named Parthenium ligulatum,
is a small caespitose plant known from shale barrens. The low-growing
caespitose form is form is an effective adaptation to arid climates. The
relation Of Bolophyta tO Parthenium, sens, lat., is distant - Parthenium
being an herbaceous, spreading plant of tropical America. Floral
morphology in Bolophyta is nearly identical but the adaptation to an
arid climate likely occurred in ancient times, probably pre-Paleocene.
The nearest relative, Bolophyta alpina, todaygrows in southeast Wyoming
and eastern Colorado.
Chamaechaenactis scaposa is another member Of Asteraceae
family that issimilar in growth form, and usually associated with
Bolophyta ligulata. This species is restricted to shale barrens and occurs
to the north and south of the Tavaputs Escarpment.
That there was at one time a widespread route for migration and
exchange of genetic material with plants on all sides of the Uinta
Basin seems apparent. A majority of the endemics of the Uinta Basin are
relict species of an ancient flora, evolving largely in Miocene to
Pliocene times. During the Miocene the climate was gradually becoming
more arid and the Arcto-Tertiary and Madro-Tertiary Floras found a
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-17-
meeting point in central Nevada (Raven & Axelrod, 1974). It was
probably during the Miocene that the flora of northeastern Utah began
to take the general appearance of the present flora. Widespread tectonic
uplift continued through the Pleistocene, finally shaping the Uinta
Basin with its high elevation boundaries on all sides.
A few of the endemics, notably in the genera Eriogonum,
Cryptantha, and Townsendia may be considered recently evolved 3 or "new"
species. A high degree of "neoendemics" may be found in areas which
have a great variety of habitats and which were not subjected to
severe climatic change during the Pleistocene.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
18-
POPULATION/HABITAT DATA FORMS AND MAPS
The majority of detailed information about each species is
presented on data sheets (Volume II) which are indexed to maps, photos
and text discussions by their population code numbers. The data sheets
do not present general information on the species unless it is particularly
applicable to a given site or prompted by events during the survey.
For example, the threat of energy development is not listed for every
site unless specific signs of development are observed in the immediate
vicinity.
Each sheet presents field data from a discreet site or group of
sites. Although called "populations", these groups were artificially
created for facility in data presentation and should not be confused
with the classical sense of a "genetically isolated group." Lumping
of data on all plants thought to be interbreeding would have resulted
in a loss of valuable information. For instance, all Giaucocarpum
plants of Big Pack and Little Pack Mountains are probably in the same
gene pool but describing them on a single data sheet would have obscured
differences in associated species, plant density, threats to survival,
etc.
Within some populations, deviations from the norm of the group are
indicated by corresponding letters on maps and data forms. Examples of
these differences are changes in plant density, substrate and age class
distributions. Hopefully these "special site" indicators will portray
the variation within local populations as well as separate data sheets
present between-population differences.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
PLATE 1
Aquilegia barnebji
'£w4*
*m
feJH^^rr"
i
l^-wBflJBk y
1 RiV *"'f -^ r/ , \
Vegetative
19-
TAXON: Aquilegia barnebyi Munz
FAMILY: RANUNCULACEAE
TYPE DESCRIPTION: Leaf 1 . West. Bot. 5( 11 ) : 1 77. 1949.
SYNONYMS: none
COMMON NAME: Barneby Columbine
STATUS: Utah: none; Colorado: proposed endangered
RECOMMENDED CHANGES: No special management status
DESCRIPTION: Forming large clumps , stems 6-8dm nearly scapose; leaves
glaucous, triternate, petioles 10-25cm, glaucous; leaflets cuneate - obovate
l-2cm long; cauline leaves few, reduced, becoming bract-like; flowers
glandular-puberulent; sepals spreading, reddish-pink, 12-18mm long, 6-7
mm wide; petals 7-9mm long, 5-6mm wide; spurs straight, 14-20mm long,
abruptly narrowed to nearly filiform base; stamens exserted beyond
lamina; follicles 20-22mm, seeds about 1mm long.
Aquilegia barnebyi is an attractive red and cream (to yellow) flowered
columbine that grows in clumps with stems up to 8 dm high. The leaves
are mostly basal, thrice divided into three parts forming domes of
blue-green foliage; flowers arise from the clumps on open branched, nearly
naked stems that radiate outward. Flowers are approximately 4cm long
(including spurs) at maturity, nodding when young, moving to erect
position after pollination.
TAXONOMIC STATUS: Aquilegia bamebyi,in Utah floras, would key to
a. micrantha, which occurs to the east and to the south on the Colorado
Plateau. It differs from that species in that the leaves and stems
are smooth, not sticky-glandular; the sepals and spurs are redder than in
a. micrantha, and sepals and petals are more equal in length. Its
closest relative is probably a. fiavescens, from which it differs in more
glaucous foliage, and less glandular flowers.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-20-
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION; Piceance Basin and Glenwood Canyon of western Colorado
to the southern Uinta Basin, Utah (Figure 20).
TYPE COLLECTION: RIO BLANCO CO., COLORADO: 3 miles NW of Rio Blanco
at 6950 ft. elev. June 14, 1948. H.D. Ripley and
R. C. Barneby 9179 (RSA)
HABITAT: Aquilegia bamebyi occupies white shale ledges and ravines of
the Parachute and Douglas Creek member of the Green River Formation.
At Santio Crossing and Buck Canyon (AQBAX-UN002 & 1) populations are
closely associated with the Mahogany Zone. Seeps at Aquilegia sites
are probably intermittent. Spring moisture may be critical to germination
and growth but mature plants seem to tolerate dry seasons/years.
Most sites are protected, north facing walls or hills of broken
shale. Some plants in the McCoy Reservoir #2 area (AQBAX-UN003:C) are in
relatively open ravines.
Populations may be more extensive then this survey indicates. Some
canyons along Willow Creek which should have suitable habitat were
inaccessible to both helicopter and foot travel.
ASSOCIATED SPECIES: Associated vegetation is generally sparse except
at Cooper Canyon. Species found with a. bamebyi include symphoricarpos
oreophilus , Eriogonum coryiribosum, Agropyron spicatum, Ribes aureum and
Rhus triiobata. These species are not particularly useful in defining
critical habitat.
THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Development of oil resources may threaten
some Aquilegia bamebyi. In the future, outcrops of the Mahogany Zone
(e.g. AQBAX-UN001) may be surface mined. The majority of the known
population (AQBAX-UN003) in Utah is in the stratigraphic member below
the oil rich layer and consequently safe from direct mining and retorting
activities. Use of Klondike Canyon for disposal of above-ground retorted
shale is a potential, if unlikely, threat to the AQBAX-UN003 population.
Aquilegia bamebyi has been collected in Utah only within the last few
MEIIJT RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
21
years. Although limited, its full range is still unknown. For this
reason and because energy development in the prime Klondike Canyon
habitat is unlikely, we recommend no special management of this species,
MEIIJT RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
PLATE 2
a
A ff
> _ >"y
$
Vegetative
I
pi!
f^^^i^:
- w
r****; ? * 1
\
-m
'
1
1 4*8
22-
TAXON: Cryptantha barnebyi Johnst.
FAMILY: BORAGINACEAE
TYPE DESCRIPTION: J. Arnold Arbor. 29:240. 1948.
SYNONYMS: none
COMMON NAME: Barneby catseye
STATUS: Proposed Threatened (Federal . Register, 1975)
RECOMMENDED CHANGES: Manage as Threatened. Consider
change to Endangered Status if local
development continues.
DESCRIPTION: Long lived perennial, forming large clumps with long-
persistent basal leaves bleaching white with age; corolla tube
elongate, surpassing calyx, limb 8-11 mm broad, the 4 nutlets 3.5 -
4.5 mm long. Smooth and shinning; style surpassing nutlets by 4.5 -
7 mm; crests at base of tube very conspicuous, fornices pale yellow;
leaves broadly oblanceolate, setose - hisspid; stem densely setose
with spreading yellow hairs.
In early growth, c. barnebyi is distinguished from sympatric
species by the large amount of persistent material (basal leaves and
flower stems) from the previous year. In June, when the plant reaches
maturity, the many-stemmed clumps are conspicuous from a distance
by the yellow "glow1' of the densely bristly growth. Blooms late May -
June.
TAX0N0MIC STATUS: This is a well defined species that has not
intergraded with sympatric populations of other species of Cryptantha.
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION: Known only from the southern Uinta Basin, c. barnebyi
is restricted to the area between Willow and Evacuation Creeks at 1700 to
2000 m. (Figure 21).
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
23-
TYPE COLLECTION: UINTAH CO., UTAH: 30 miles south of Ouray at 1675 m.
17 June 1947. Ripley and Barneby 8748. (GH)
HABITAT: cryptantha barnebyi is restricted to Parachute and Evacuation
Creek members of the Green River Formation. White barren shale knolls
supporting c. barnebyi range from 0 to 45% slope with all exposures.
In the Willow and Bitter Creek drainages, c. barnebyi shares its
primary habitat with Penstemon grahamii (Bates Knolls Quadrangle).
J.S. Peterson is currently studying the habitat/ecology of
c. barnebyi. Much of the information we report on this species is
provided by Peterson. Additional data on this cryptantha' s habitat
should soon be available in Peterson's report.
ASSOCIATED SPECIES: The barren knolls of c. barnebyi habitat are islands
in Pinyon - Juniper woodland or Artemisia fields. Important
associated species include Penstemon grahamii, Oxytropis jonesii,
Arenaria eastwoodiae, Machaeranthera grindelioides , Hymenoxys acaulis and
Bolophyta ligulata.
THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Development of energy resources is the
principal threat to c. barnebyi. Because of similarities in their
habitat and distribution, c. barnebyi 's- situation is comparable to
that of p. grahamii. [See previous discussion), Cryptantha' s current
advantage is its larger population size (estimated greater than 130,000).
Most of these plants are, however, on private land slated for development
of oil shale reserves (CRBA6-UN003) .
Most c. barnebyi populations appear healthy but at a few locations
(within CRBA6-UN002) most plants had died. The cause of death is
unknown but is being investigated by Peterson.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
PLATE 3
Cryptantha, grahamii
Vegetative
Fruit
-24-
TAXON: Cryptantha grahamii Johns t
FAMILY: BORAGINACEAE
TYPE DESCRIPTION: Journ Arn. Arb. 20:391. 1939.
SYNONYMS: none
COMMON NAME: Graham's catseye
STATUS: Proposed Endangered (Federal Register, 1975)
RECOMMENDED CHANGES: No special mananement status
DESCRIPTION: Perennial from large, black, woody caudex; large white
corolla, tube 3.5-5 mm long, limb 11-15 mm wide; fornices yellow,
inflorescence spreading bristly, tightly coiled in early stages.
Nutlets 2-4, lanceolate, margins acute, in contact with low rounded
tubercles, scar straight, narrowly linear, open margin not elevated.
(Higgins, 1971).
Basal leaves densely tuffed, oblanceolate, up to 6 cm long and
1.5 cm wide; cauline leaves usually several, reduced upward; leaves
tending to be blunt, bristly, dark green.
Cryptantha grahamii, with its large white corolla, is one of the
showiest members of the genus.
TAX0N0MIC STATUS: This is a well defined species that has not intergraded
with other members of Cryptantha which grow sympatrical ly.
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION: Uintah and Duchesne, Cos., Utah. South Uinta Basin
near the Tavaputs plateaus [Figure 22 ).
TYPE COLLECTION: UINTAH CO., UTAH: on bench west of Green River
north of mouth of Sand Wash, 1375 m, 28 May 1933,
E.H. Graham 7924 (GH).
HABITAT: Cryptantha grahamii is widely distributed on white shale of the
MEIIJT RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
■25-
Green River Formation from 1100 to 1900 m. Populations are so large
(thousands of plants) and widespread that specific sites are not mapped.
c. grahamii is the dominant plant in some areas (east and west along
Willow Creek). The species is associated with several endemics but like
Boiophyta, seems to cut across their habitat barriers. This cryptantha
is the only endemic inhabiting the white shale on "top" of Big Pack
Mountain. Graham's catseye does not, however, extend eastward with
Penstemon grahamii toward Bitter Creek. Only three small populations
were located along Seep Ridge Road.
Neither slope nor exposure strictly regulate c. grahamii but
the species is often replaced by other Cryptantha on very steep slopes.
Unlike p. grahamii, c. grahamii often grows in the fine shale atop
flat surfaced knolls. Parallel fracture lines often provide a suitable
microhabitat.
ASSOCIATED SPECIES: Cryptantha grahamii habitat includes both Pinyon -
Juniper woodlands and Desert Shrub associations. Important species
in areas Of C. grahamii abundance include Chamaechaenactis scaposa,
Glaucocarpum suffrutescens, Boiophyta ligulata , Eriogonum corymbosum,
and Chrysothanmnus viscidiflorus. Cryptantha grahamii appeared locally
allopatric with c. rollinsii.
THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Because of c. grahamii' s relatively wide
distribution in the area and its abundance and even dominance in some
locations, it is in relatively little danger of extinction. Energy
development may significantly reduce portions of the population but if
the habitat is managed with limited disturbance, peripheral populations
would provide ample seed for regeneration.
No specific management of this species is recommended. Other
endemics, with which it is associated, are considered within this report
for specific management strategies. Active protection of these more
limited endemics should provide adequate passive protection for c. grahamii
Attention would be more appropriately and profitably focused on these
more restricted species.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
PLATE 4
Cymopterus duchesnensis
26-
TAXON: Cymopterus duchesnensis M.E. Jones
FAMILY: APIACEAE
TYPE DESCRIPTION: Contr. West. Bot. 13:12. 1910.
SYNONYMS: Aulospermum duchesnensc (Jones) Tidestrom
COMMON NAME: Duchesne biscuit root
STATUS: Proposed Endangered (Federal Register, 1975)
RECOMMENDED CHANGES: Manage as Threatened
TAX0N0MIC STATUS: The species is clearly defined and has never been
combined with another species, even though transfer to another genus
has been proposed, cymopterus, broadly interpreted, is a large and
unwieldy group of species. The segregations of pteryxia and
Aulospermum are attempts to make generic limits more natural. Generic
alignment does not concern us here, however.
Cymopterus duchesnensis is a member Of the purpureus Section
of the genus, cymopterus purpureus, which also grows in the Uinta Basin,
is closely related. Cymopterus rosei is another closely related species
and one that occurs in the Manti LaSal Forest on the Wasatch Plateau
Where it is endemic. Cymopterus duchesnensis differs from C. rosei
in having longer, glabrous rays of the umbel 1: 20-45 mm as opposed to
5-20 mm in c. rosei. From c. purpureus it differs in having bi-tri-
pinnatisect leaves with nearly confluent leaflets ; c. purpureus has
tri-quadri-pinnatisect leaves with distinct ultimate segments.
DESCRIPTION: Densely caespitose from deep, rather fleshy taproot, crowns
coarse and thick; pseudoscape present although short and inconspicuous;
old leaf petioles woody, imbricated, nearly 2.5 cm long, becoming fibrous
with age; leaves many, fanning outward from base of plant, on long
slender petioles, 7-12 cm long, erect, waxy green, fleshy, twice 3-
pinnatisect leaves with cuneate, confluent leaflets that are 1-2.5 cm
long, lower pair of leaflets distant; peduncles erect, extending well
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-27-
above leaves, up to 25 cm high, glabrous; rays 10-15, 20-45 mm long,
glabrous; involucre absent; involucel of several conspicuous, distinct,
linear bracts, usually exceeding the yellow flowers; fruit ovate -oblong
in outline, 8-10 mm long, 5-8 mm broad; wings conspicuous, wavy, white
with pink margins.
Distinctions of morphological separations among species are more
easily made in the field than from herbarium specimens. The leaves of
Cymopterus duchesnensis are light waxy-green and appear somewhat fleshy.
This character is lost in dried specimens.
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION: Duchesne and Uintah Cos., Utah on sandy soils from
1370 to 1830 m elevation (Figure 23 ).
TYPE COLLECTION: DUCHESNE CO., UTAH: Myton, among loose rocks on
southern slopes of mesas. 20 May 1 900.. M. E. Jones s.n,
H0L0TYPE: POM.
HABITAT: Cymopterus duchesnensis is usually found in open shadscale -
sagebrush - desert buckwheat associations.
ASSOCIATED SPECIES: Artiplex confertifolia , Eriogonum corymbosum,
E. inf latum, also occasionally with E. viridulum, Cymopterus purpureus.
THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The species is more widespread than originally
thought and it appears to be a successful colonizer in road cuts. This
plant is known by the Ute Indians as an important food plant.* The root
is larger and more succulent than other species of cymopterus in the area.
We do not know to what extent it was used for food, but the digging
of roots could certainly be a factor in present limited distribution of
the species.
* Personal communication, Haskell Chapoose, 1979.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
PLATE 5
EriogonuMi ephedroides
28-
TAXON: Eriogonum ephedroides Reveal
FAMILY: POLYGONACEAE
TYPE DESCRIPTION: Madrono 19:295. 1969.
SYNONYMS: none
COMMON NAME: Ephedra buckwheat
STATUS: Proposed Endangered (Federal Register, 1975, 1976)
RECOMMENDED CHANGES: Manage as Threatened (L. Shultz)
No Special management status (K. Mutz)
DESCRIPTION: Low growing herbaceous perennial, 2-3 dm high, fanning
upward from woody caudex; leaves mostly basal, narrowly lanceolate,
1.5-2.5 cm long, 2-3 mm wide, tomentose below, glabrous above,
petiole 5-10 mm long; stems erect; inflorescence cyniose, glabrous ,
strictly erect, branching at narrow angles, 1.5-2.5 dm long, .5-1.5
dm wide; involucres turbinate, 2-2.5 mm long, 1-1.5 mm wide, glabrous
teeth acute; flowers white to cream colored, sometimes pale yellow,
2-2.5 mm long, glabrous; achenes brown, triangular, 2 mm long.
Even a novice botanist can recognize this plant by its
resemblence to Mormon tea {Ephedra sp.)
TAX0N0MIC STATUS: Eriogonum ephedroides "i s a cl early defined species.
Unlike many species of Eriogonum, it is readily recognized in the
field. It is most like Eriogonum viridul um which is distinguished by
bright sulphur-yellow flowers and a more branched inflorescence, but
narrower growth form. There is no evidence of intergradation of
related species that grow in similar habitats.
Individuals of Eriogonum ephedroides are suprisingly uniform
throughout the populations we observed. Ihere appears to be little
genetic heterogeneity, and therefore a limited chance for adaptation
to a change in habitat.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-30-
restricted to white shale knolls and phytosociologically restricted
to a habitat occupied by a limited number of narrow endemics and a
few other species that are tolerant of stressed physiological conditions
Eriogonum ephedroides does not appear to be expanding in distribution.
Although only recently described, it appears to be a very old species
that presently occupies the limit of its potential habitat (L. Shultz).
On the other hand, populations of e. ephedroides are much larger
and widespread than other endemics considered herein. In addition,
this species crosses habitat boundaries of other endemics. Passive
protection of this species by active protection of more seriously
threatened endemics should maintain its population without special
management status (K. Mutz).
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-31-
TAXON: Eriogonum intermontanum Reveal
FAMILY: POLYGONACEAE
TYPE DESCRIPTION: Madrono 19:293. 1969.
SYNONYMS: none
COMMON NAME: Divide buckwheat
STATUS: Proposed Endangered (Federal Register, 1975, 1976)
RECOMMENDED CHANGES: Recommendations deferred (see below).
DESCRIPTION: Diffusely branched, widely spreading herbaceous perennial,
23 dm high, 1-3 dm across; leaves mostly basal, narrowly elliptic to
oblanceolate, 1.5-5 cm long, 2-9 mm wide, gray tomentose below with flat
or recurved margins, sparsely tomentose above, drab green, petiole 1-2 cm
long; inflorescences usually several from one caudex, weak stemmed, glabrous
cymose with densely clustered to open branched heads of flowers;
involucres turbinate-campanulate, glabrous, 2-4 mm long, 2-3 mm wide,
teeth acute, 5-merous; flowers white with pinkish-red veins, 2-3 mm long,
glabrous, tepals obovate; achenes brown, 2.5-3 mm long.
TAXOMOMIC STATUS: The center of speciation of Eriogonum is the Great
Basin floristic province. Eriogonum intermontanum is a highly variable
species that has invaded disturbed habitats. It is closely related to a
number of other species from which is may be difficult to separate
taxonomically. It is likely that intergradations occur where species
overlap.
Eriogonum intermontanum is very similar to E. lonchophyllum and
e. batemanii with which it grows sympatrically. The "key" characters
separating these species are not clearly defined. The range of variation
observed in the field within populations makes species distinctions
nearly impossible.
A number of populations have been sampled and a representative set
of collections sent to James Reveal for confirmation of identifications.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
32-
KNOWN DISTRIBUTIONS: Grand, tmery, and Uintah counties in Utah; also
reported from western Colorado* (Figure 25'
TYPE COLLECTION: GRAND CO., UTAH: about 1.5 miles south of Uintah
county line, head of Middle Canyon of west Water Creek
drainage in Roan Cliffs. T 15^ S, R 24 E, Sec. 33,
Elev. 2560 m. 27 July 1965. N. Holmgren, J.
Reveal, C. La France 2278 HOLOTYPE: UTC
HABITAT: Eriogonum intermontanum habitat is characterized by loose
soils, often in disturbed openings or shale hills in sagebrush,
cercocarpus, pine and juniper zones.
ASSOCIATED SPECIES: Artemisia tridentata , Cercocarpus montanus , Amelanchier
utahensis , Quercus gambellii , Symphoricarpos oreophilus .
THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Within the study area, e. intermontanum
is found south of the principal oil shale development. Oil 'and gas
exploration is scattered through the area.
Because of the taxonomic problems with the species, we would like
to reserve judgement on management and species protection until we have
received further communication from James Reveal, the monographer
of the genus.
Personal communications, J.S. Peterson and J.L. England, 1979
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
PLATE 6
Gl&ucocarpum suffrutescens
Seedl ing
Vegetative
Frni f
-33-
TAXON: Glaucocarpum suffrutescens (R.C. Rollins) R.C. Rollins
Madrono 4:233. 1938.
FAMILY: BRASSICACEAE
TYPE DESCRIPTION: Rollins ex Graham, Annals Carneg. Mus. 26:244. 1937.
SYNONYMS: Thely podium suffrutescens Rollins ex Graham
COMMON NAME: None
STATUS: Proposed endangered (Federal Register, 1975, 1976)
RECOMMENDED CHANGES: Manage as Endangered
DESCRIPTION: Tightly clumped herbaceous perennial from a branched woody
caudex; stems 1 - 3 dm high, elongating in fruit; leaves elliptic to
broadly oblanceolate, entire to slightly toothed, .5-1.5 cm long, up to
8 mm broad, slightly glaucous and somewhat fleshy, alternating on stem
at 5 - 10 mm distances; stamens paired, united at base or appearing as a
single stamen due to united anthers; siliques 1 - 1.5 cm long, 2 - 3 mm
broad, strictly erect on elongated raceme, slightly flattened, sessile or
with a short stipe (1 mm), narrowing to a beak that is approximately 2 mm
long, glabrous; stigma entire, not expanded; ovules 4 - 8 in each cell;
seeds uniseriate, oblong, plump, 1.5 - 2 mm long, 1 - 1.5 mm broad,
mucilaginous when wet; petals 4, clawed at base, greenish - yellow, much
the same color as the foliage.
In the field, Glaucocarpum suffrutescens looks much like
stanieya integri folia , with which it grows. The glaucous,
fleshy leaves distinguish the vegetative plant and back-lighting is
extremely helpful in locating flowering individuals.
TAX0N0MIC STATUS: Generic relationships within the Brassicaceae are
difficult to define and this species rested uneasily for a time in
Theiupodium. Rollins first described the species as Theiypodium
then one year later made the combination Glaucocarpum suffrutescens,
creating a new, monotypic genus. This treatment remains unquestioned and
the discovery in recent years of a new species in Thelypodiopsis,
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-34-
a related genus, has not changed the generic concept. The species has no
close relatives.
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION: This monotypic genus ranges eastward from the Grey
Knolls (Naval Oil Reserve) to the east side of Little Pack Mountain; and
south from Hill Creek near Peter Post Canyon to the Green Canyon Road
near Agency Draw. In summer, 1979 Rollins was unable to locate plants
at the type location (Figure 26).
TYPE COLLECTION: UINTAH CO., UTAH: west of Willow Creek, Thome's
Ranch, eastern slope of Big Pack Mountain. May
23, 1935. Graham 8950 H0L0TYPE: GH
HABITAT: Both the geographic and geologic extent of Glaucocarpum are very
limited. The majority of plants inhabit the Little Pack Mountain area.
This population may continue south onto private oil lease land but brief
reconnaissance does not suggest an extensive distribution east of the
peaks (see GLSU-UN003). Within this area, the entire population is confined
to the Evacuation Creek member of the Green River Formation. Although
no peculiar layer was observed, Glaucocarpum may be influenced by local
stratigraphy. Elevations of the populations decrease northward in parallel
with the northwest dip of the bedding planes. A striking "micro-pattern"
emerges on the west side of Little Pack Mountain. The population evenly
encircles the lobes of shale jutting from the mountain. A typical hill
will have 5-10 plants distributed at a single level around the side or
near the breakpoint of the hill. At other locations, plants are more
scattered.
The typical substrate of Glaucocarpum is chips of white shale
imbedded in clayey soil. Blocky, orange clasts (tuff) litter the surface
in several places. The plant is not particularly influenced by aspect
although northern exposures may support a high density of plants and
relatively more young individuals than other aspects. Plants occupy
generally moderate slopes (less than 35%) with the larger, more mature
individuals on flatter areas. The precarious nature of life on loose
shale may be an important factor in this spatial distribution of age
Classes (see the diSCUSSion Of Thelypodiopsis argillacea) .
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
35-
ASSOCIATED SPECIES: Glaucocarpum habitat is typically a sparse juniper
woodland with Cercocarpus montanus , Forsellesia meionandra and Yucca
harrimaniae. Only the most northern locations (GLSU-UN007) lack junipers
and several of the largest plants are closely associated with the trees.
Bolophyta ligulata and Artemisia pygmaea are present at most Sl'teS.
THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The vicinity of the populations is inter-
spersed with old and new jeep trails. A relatively new road passes to
the east of the Little Pack Mountain population (GLSU-UN001) connecting
with oil roads to the south. Recent (August, 1979) resistivity work in
the area suggests an immediate danger from energy development to
populations on private land. Stone towers used by sheepherders and an
obscure trail mark the Big Pack Mountain locations (GLSU-UN005, 6) but
signs of sheep activity were minimal. The west side of Little Pack
Mountain and Johnson Draw (GLSU-UN002) are well isolated.
Concentration of the Glaucocarpum population on two isolated sections
of BLM land makes the preservation or eradication of this species
relatively simple. Perhaps the best way to protect this monospecific
genus is to preserve these two square miles of habitat.* With a healthy
breeding population in this prime area, Glaucocarpum might
maintain a stable population or spread to other areas. We recommend
endangered species status for Glaucocarpum suffrutescens unless
independent provisions are made for protecting it in the important
Little Pack Mountain area.
* suggestion by J. Larry England
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
PLATE 7
IS
OS
36-
TAXON: Mirabilis alipes (S. Wats) Pi 1 z
FAMILY: NYCTAGINACEAE
REFERENCE: Pilz, G.E., 1978. Systematics of Mirabilis subgenus
Quamoclidion. Madrono 25(3) : 113-176,
SYNONYMS: Hermidium alipes, H. alipes var. pallidum
COMMON NAME: none
STATUS: Proposed Endangered (Federal Register, 1976)
RECOMMENDED CHANGES: No special management status
TAXONOMIC STATUS: Hermidium has been separated from Mirabilis on the
basis of having distinct involucral bracts. Populational studies
have shown that there is a range of variation within Mirabilis alipes
(formerly the only species in Hermidium) ; the five outermost bracts
may be distinct, or their margins may be united to one-half their length.
The united bract condition is not unusual; Mirabilis alipes (S. Wats)
Pilz is not considered sufficiently distinct to warrant generic
segregation.
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION: Western Colorado, Utah, Nevada, to eastern California
widely scattered throughout sagebrush and shadscale zone of these area
(Figure 27).
TYPE COLLECTION: Hermidium alipes var. pallidum UINTAH CO., UTAH
Five miles south of Vernal, elev. 1585 m.
3 June 1950. Porter 5308 (RM)
HABITAT: Mirabilis aiipes grows commonly and often abundantly at low
elevations in the sagebrush and shadscale zones. Both light and dark
flowering forms are found throughout the study area.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-37-
THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Mirabilis alipes is not considered Threatened
for taxonomic reasons. Hermidium alipes var. pallidum is not distinct
enough to even warrant varietal status (Pilz, 1978). White flowered and
dark pink flowered plants are found within populations.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
PLATE 8
Penstemton grahannii
Vegetative
Fruit
-38-
TAXON: Penstemon grahamii Keck ex Graham
FAMILY: SCROPHULARIACEAE
TYPE DESCRIPTION: Ann. Cam. Mus. 26:331. 1937.
SYNONYMS: none
COMMON NAME: Graham's beardtongue
STATUS: Proposed Endangered (Federal Register, 1975, 1976)
RECOMMENDED CHANGES: Manage as Endangered (L. Shultz)
Manage as Threatened (K. Mutz)
DESCRIPTION: Perennial herb from a fibrous root system, stems one to
several per plant, 5 - 14 cm tall (up to 18?), puberulent; leaves
mostly basal, oblanceolate, reduced and lanceolate higher on the stem,
somewhat fleshy and leathery, entire, up to 20-30 mm long, 15-20 mm
broad, petiolate at base and somewhat clasping on the stem; inflorescence
a narrow thyrse, 2 - 6 cm long, glandular-viscid; sepals long acuminate,
7-11 mm, densely glandular, narrowly scarious-margined; corolla ven-
tricose, 30-35 mm long, pale to bright lavender with darker veins in
the throat, throat also hairy; staminode densely covered throughout
its length with bright orange hairs, well exserted beyond the lower lip
of the corolla; capsule glabrous, seeds black.
Many plants remain basal rosettes throughout the summer. Basal
leaves are generally dark green, tinged red-purple with prominent
veins. In the rosette growth stage, p. grahamii resembles Abronia but is
distinguished by the latters more succulent leaves.
TAX0N0MIC STATUS: Penstemon is a large and complex genus that has its
center of diversity and speciation in western North America. There are
more than 100 species in the Great Basin region. Species limits are
often difficult to define and interspecific hybrids are not unusual.
Penstemon grahamii is related, somewhat distantly, to other species
that grow in Utah: p. doiius to the west, p. moffatii from clay hills
to the south, and p. eriantherus to the north (Keck, 1937). As Keck
points out, however, p. grahamii is most closely related to a species
whose closest population is in Nevada: p. miser. It is likely then
that p. grahamii is relictual stock of an ancient common ancestor.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-39-
Penstemon miser is strikingly similar in growth form, corolla shape and
color, and the bright orange staminode that protrudes beyond the lower
lip of the corolla. There is a pronounced difference in habitat
preference in that p. miser is found in sand and granite-derived soils.
Most species in the section are narrow endemics that appear to be
shrinking in distribution.
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION: UintahCo., Utah; southern Uintah Basin near the
Tavaputs Plateau escarpments. Collected east to Raven Ridge in RioBlanco
Co., Colorado* (Figure 28).
TYPE COLLECTION: UINTAH CO., UTAH: talus slope, west side of
Green River, south of mouth of Sand Wash, elev.
4500 ft. 27 May 1933. Graham 7883. H0L0TYPE:
Carnegie Museum
HABITAT: White shale knolls constitute the typical habitat of
p. grahamii. Populations are well defined and limited on these
hills. A few collections along the Green River (e.g., PEGR-UN014)
are in a somewhat different habitat; one that seems to be marginal for
the species. Here the plants grow in "tuffaceous blocks.'.' Populations
are smaller and show less reproductive success than in their typical
habitat.
Within the study area, the shale knolls of p. grahamii habitat are
of the Parachute and Evacuation Creek members of the Green River Formation,
Due to difference in bedding thickness and competence, a typical
hillside of Green River Formation will alternate between minor ledges
and scree slopes. Small hills (knolls) often display a single
unit of the ledge and talus pattern with the resistent ledge forming
the breakpoint of the hill. Offset stacks of these knolls form stair-step
configurations with the crest of each knoll a few meters below the
next. Penstemon grahamii occupy all of these configurations. In each
case, the majority of plants grows on the talus with a few in or just
above the ledge. Mery few Penstemon grow on the flat, fine textured hill
tops but neither slope nor aspect seem to limit this species.
* Personal communication, E. Neese, 1979.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
■40-
The substrate of most hills is white clay soil mixed with, and
covered by small white shale chips (less than 5 cm ) . Thinly bedded
o
shale broken into larger chips (about 12 cm ) underlies this soil
at a depth of 6 - 8 cm. Orange tuffaceous blocks of various size
(up to 12 x 12 x 25 cm) litter the surface at a few locations.
The oil rich shale of the Parachute Creek member may indirectly
influence growth and abundance of p. grahamii. Despite a large number
of shale hills below the Mahogany Zone, only one Penstemon population
was located beneath this stratigraphic level (PEGR6-UN003). Except
for p. grahamii the plant communities i n simi 1 ar habitat above and
below the Mahogany Zone appear comparable. In addition, the largest
and hardiest populations of Penstemon (PEGR6-UN005: A, B) lie just
a few meters above an oil rich layer. Whether proximity to the
Mahogany Zone is causation or merely correlation is unclear. Water
sometimes perches on the Mahogany Zone* but its importance to the
Penstemon is unknown. Proximity to oil shale is certainly not ess-
ential to the Penstemon which also grows on the Evacuation Creek
member, an oil poor section hundreds of decimeters above the Mahogany
Zone.
ASSOCIATED SPECIES: Most commonly associated with p. grahamii are
Bolophyta ligulata , Eriogonum ephedroides , E. corgmbosum, Forsellesia
meionandra, Artemisia pugmaea, Chamaechaenactis scaposa, Yucca
harrimaniae and Cirsium puchellum. All Of the sites are within a
Pinyon - Juniper woodland but many of the specific locations are
devoid of trees (e.g. PEGR6-UN004:A, UN005:A,B). At other sites
(e.g. PEGR6-UN007) , Penstemon grow among scattered trees, usually
in small dry washes.
Throughout the inventory p. mucronatus was conspicuously absent
from p. grahamii sites. Flowering concurrently, p. mucronatus was
normally found at slightly higher elevations. The exceptions to this
rule are site PEGR6-UN009 and UN015:A. Several knolls in the former
Personal communications, S.G. Mankowski, Geokinetics, Inc.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
■41
drainage harbor both species with p. grahamii abundant at Site B.
p. grahamii is scattered among abundant p. mucronatus at the latter
location.
GENERAL OBSERVATIONS: Over half of the p. grahamii plants did not
bloom this summer. Flowering at sites ranged from 10 to 80%. Degree
or frequency of reproduction is often an indication of environmental
favorability especially in desert areas. This principle may be
particularly applicable to p. grahamii.* The proportion of reproductive
to photosynthetic tissue in this short, large flowered .species suggests
that plants at a favorable site are likely to produce several inflorescences
yearly while those in marginal habitat flower once eyery few years.
There is a considerable range of color variation in the populations.
The plants growing along the Green River have foliage that is \/ery dark
green and the corolla is such a pale lavender that it appears nearly
white in the bright sun. Plants found along Seep Ridge Road are pale,
nearly grayish-green with a deeper lavender corolla. While the differences
may be due to soils and exposure, it is more likely that there are
genetic differences in the populations, indicating that they may be
reproductively isolated. The isolation that results from the distance
of a few kilometers is an indication of the inability of this species
to colonize new habitats.
Seedlings of p. grahamii were located by digging into the shale
litter near mature rosettes (PEGR6-UN004:A) . Seedlings
occur in thick groups but few among thousands survive. Nearly all
seedlings in the cotyledon stage were probably overlooked being obscured
by shale surface litter.
Future ecological studies of p. grahamii could be approached
by studying populations in both optimal and marginal habitat. Sunday
School and Buck Canyon populations (PEGR6-UN005:A & UN001 ) would be
useful. The former seems to be the best habitat located to date. In
both canyons, the transition from presence to absence of p. grahamii
* Noel Holmgren, personal communication.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-42-
can be followed without the typical abrupt interruption of forest
or sage lands. At both locations the ground surface becomes rough
and broken and the density of vegetation increases. Species composition
Changes at UN001 to include Atriplex confertifolia, Xanthocephalum
sarothrae and scattered Artemisia sp. Further study of these and
other transition areas may provide insight into p. grahamii* s
peculiar distribution.
THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The center of the p. grahamii population
is an area of gas resources and probable oil shale development. A
Mahogany Zone of moderate thickness and quality lies at less than
100 meters depth making in-situ retorting particularly attractive.
Protection of the species during gas development primarily
requires cooperation between the gas company and the leasing party.
With knowledge of population locations, sites can be avoided during
road construction and drilling.
If commercial oil shale recovery becomes a reality, maintenance
of p. grahamii habitat becomes more difficult since large areas of
land would be disturbed. Although withdrawal of the entire area from
oil shale development might be ideal, botanical ly, a more practical
compromise might be protection of a particularly rich area. An area
near Sunday School Canyon (PEGR6-UN005, UN006) or Klondike Canyon
(PEGR6-UN009) would preserve not Only P. grahamii but Cryptantha
barnebyi as well .
Although the potential is great for oil shale development in
p. grahamii habitat, the population is fairly large. The northernmost
groups near Seep Ridge Road are probably safe from energy exploitation.
The Mahogany Zone begins to dip too deeply beneath the surface here
for in-situ retorting. The oil zone is not thick enough for mining
in that area. Until energy development encroaches further into
p. grahamii habitat, Mutz recommends Threatened status. Shultz recommends
listing the species as Endangered.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
43-
TAXON: physaria grahami Morton in Graham
FAMILY: BRASSICACEAE
TYPE DESCRIPTION: Ann. Carnegie Mus . 26:220. 1937.
SYNONYMS: none
COMMON NAME: none
STATUS: Possibly Extinct. (Federal Register, 1976)
RECOMMENDED CHANGES: Recommendations deferred (see below).
TAX0N0MIC STATUS: Physaria grahami is an indistinct taxon and it is
not within the scope of this study to make a definitive taxonomic judgement,
Reed Rollins* feels that in addition to possible "blurring" of species
limits, there may be confusion in the type collection. Dr. Rollins
will be writing the Brassicaceae treatment for the North American Flora
and will deal with Physaria at that time. We are sending duplicates
of all of our collections - an addition that should aid in the final
treatment Of Physaria grahami.
DISCUSSION: In 1973, S.B. Waite indicated that recent attempts to collect
the species at the type locality had not been successful. Larry England*
has visited the type locality and seen specimens with lyrate basal leaves.
The entire leaved physaria acutifolia Rydb. grows in the same location.
Larry England believes that there is so much intergradation between
populations that specific distinction is difficult to make.
The endemic center of Physaria is western North America. Our
collections of lyrate leaved Physaria show tremendous variation in
growth form, height of plants, and degree of lobing on leaves. Physaria
tends to be a very "plastic" genus that varies with changing environmental
conditions.
TYPE COLLECTION: UINTAH CO., UTAH: Chandler Canyon, elev. 1830 m.
3 August 1935. Graham 9976 (US).
* Personal communication, 1979.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
PLATE 9
Sclerocactus glaucus
^:C1
•l'
Vegetative
Pnii f-
-44-
TAXON: sclerocactus glaucus (K. Schum) L. Benson
Cact. & Succ. Jour. Amer. 38:53. 1966.
FAMILY: CACTACEAE
TYPE DESCRIPTION: Gesarnmtb. Kakt. 438. 1898.
SYNONYMS: Echinocactus glaucus K. Schum
E. subglaucus Rybd .
e. whipplei var. glaucus (K. Schum) J. A. Purpus
Pediocactus glaucus (K.Schum) G.K. Arp
S. franklinii J.W. Evans
COMMON NAME: none
STATUS: Proposed Endangered (Federal Register, 1975, 1976)
RECOMMENDED CHANGES:' Manage as Endangered (L. Shultz)
Manage as Threatened (K. Mutz)
DESCRIPTION: One of the low growing, ball-shaped (in youth) to cylindrical
(at maturity) cacti; stems solitary to rarely in clusters, green, somewhat
glaucous, 3-10 cm high, 3 to 5 cm diameter; ribs about 12; tubercles
9mm long, 6-9 mm broad, protruding above rib; areoles 3 mm diameter,
about 9 mm apart; spines dense, whitish, obscuring the stem, central
spines 1-3, the upper 1 or 2 only partially flattened, up to 3 cm long,
white, lower central spine not hooked but sometimes curving, light to
dark brown; flowers bright pink, 3-6 cm diameter; petals lanceolate,
about 3 cm long, margins entire; anthers yellow, oblong; style about
2 cm long, stigmas slender, about 4 mm long.
A quote from G.K. Arp (1972), distinguishes s. glaucus from related
species:
"The last stereotypic species is s. glaucus which resembles
s. whipplei except for its more squat appearance, the presence
of glands above the areoles and the lack of a hooked central
(spine). If a seedling of sclerocactus glaucus flowers before it
has developed its ribs the plant is called Navahoa pebbiesiana of
north central Arizona. If the ribs on a mature s. glaucus are
missing then utahia sileri (Pediocactus s.) from northern Arizona
is the species. If the central spines, radial spines and plant
body are Shortened, the plant is Colorado wesae-verde (Sclerocactus
mesae-verde) of the Southwestern Colorado, and as stated before, if
the ribs of the coioradoa are missing, then the species is Pediocactus
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
J
11
45-
bradyi. If the sderocactus giaucus lower central is hooked and the plan
is somewhat coneshaped the species is sderocactus whipplei."
TAXONOMIC STATUS: By including this cactus in the genus sderocactus,
we are following the treatment by Lyman Benson in his 1966 revision
of the genus. Benson treats the species as a distinct taxon, although
it has been included as a variety of sderocactus whipplei, a species
which we consider distinct, although closely related.
The systematics of the Cactaceae is often accused of being based
on pre-Linnaean philosophy so that nomenclatural problems become
chaotic. The interest of amateur botanists, and the publication of
some treatments in non-referreed journals, has compl icated nomenclature.
To summarize the taxonomic problems with sderocactus giaucus,
we can point out that the species has been variously treated as a
member of sderocactus, Echinocactus, and Pediocactus. Generic
alignment is more a point of dispute than species status.
s. giaucus is readily distinguished from related species in that
it has no hooked central spines. Its closest relatives, both geo-
graphically and phylogenetically are S. mesae-verdae and S. wrightiae.
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION: Mesa, Delta and Garfield counties, Colorado to
Uintah county, Utah. In Utah, along the Green River; also reported near
Theodore, Duchesne Co., and Nine Mile Creek, Carbon Co. (Figure 29).
TYPE COLLECTION: DELTA CO., COLORADO: Dry Creek, Grand Mesa,
1800 m. elev. C. A. Purpus. June 1892.
LECTOTYPE: F
HABITAT: sderocactus giaucus grows in poor soils from 1200 - 1600 m.
elevation. The majority of Utah plants occupy a limited range. Despite
its geographic and geologic restrictions, s. giaucus inhabits a
surprising variety of substrates. Several populations combine two or
more of these habitat types making within-site variation for this
cactus greater than between-site variation for other T & E plants.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
■46-
Al though data are limited, the sderocactus glaucus population
as a whole may be diminishing. Evidence includes widely disjunct
populations, the occurrence of dead plants after a dry year and
germination of seeds only in protected areas.
ASSOCIATED SPECIES : Artemisia spinescens , Atriplex conferti folia , Yucca
harrimaniae, Opuntia sp. and Eriogonum corymbosum. Density of
vegetation varies considerably among sites.
THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Threats to the sderocactus population are
from commercial exploitation for ornamental use and development of
energy resources. In addition to direct interference with plants,
a lowering of the water table in the area would pose a significant
threat to the populations. Shultz recommends Endangered status.
The main body of the s. glaucus population is outside the study
area. Recommendations for the species should be based primarily on
data on this larger group of plants. Within the study area, Mutz
does not believe that available data suggest a diminishing cactus
population. For this reason and since several of the study area
populations are relatively inaccessible to commercial exploitation,
this cactus warrants only Threatened status (K. Mutz).
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
PLATE 10
*\,
^/§ ^ w
v 4
it* i.
j,'"
fe-"1 ^ l*?^^ ,**?
v-gat
Th eljp o diop sis a r gill a cea
*
'
' !
1 *
8:^5KL?
Vegetative
-47-
TAXON: Thelypodiopsis argillacea Welsh & AtWOOd
TYPE DESCRIPTION: Great Basin Natur. 37:95. 1977.
SYNONYMS: none
COMMON NAME: none
STATUS: Not in Federal Register, Recommend Endangered, (S.L. Welsh)
RECOMMENDED CHANGES: Manage as Threatened (L. Shultz)
No special management status (K. Mutz)
DESCRIPTION: Weak-stemmed herbaceous perennial growing from a stout
underground caudex that is usually topped by clusters of short "twigs"
from previous years growth; stems lax, occassionally decumbent, 1 - 3 dm
long at maturity, pale green; leaves extremely variable, narrowly
lanceolate to broadly ell iptic-oblanceolate, entire to slightly toothed,
5-20 (rarely up to 30) mm long, 1 . 5 - 9 mm broad; petiole not always
distinct; petals 4, clawed at base, pale lavender or white with a dark
(purple) network of delicate veins, up to 1 cm long; inflorescence
cymose, flat-topped in bud, elongating to a curved raceme up to 1.5 dm
long; siliques widely spreading on pedicels 1 - 1.5 cm at maturity,
up to 3 cm long, terete to slightly flattened, not stipitate but
sometimes narrowed at base, slightly pinched at apex below a stout
beak c. .5 mm long; seeds uniseriate in each cell.
Very young growth of t. argillacea is dark reddish-green. Leaves
are slightly fleshy in all phenological stages.
TAX0N0MIC STATUS: Thelypodiopsis is an unusually well defined genus of
the Brassicaceae. Within the genus, t. argillacea is a well defined species
with t. elegans likely to be its closest relative.
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION: Uintah, Co.: side canyons of the Green River south
of Kings Canyon to Broome Canyon east of Willow Creek (Figure 30).
TYPE COLLECTION: UINTAH CO., UTAH: hills west of Willow Creek,
on the east slope of Big Pack Mountain, 1525 m elev. on
MEIIJl RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
<>
>
■48-
Green River shale. 11 May, 1976. N.D. Atwood 6627.
HOLOTYPE: BRY
HABITAT: Geologically, t. argillacea's habitat is limited to the contact
of the Uinta and Green River Formations. Thick sandstone ledges (2 to
several meters thick cap shale scree slopes which are interspersed with
thin sandstone beds. Within this zone plants grow out of the red-brown
sandstone of the Uinta and in fine white clay derived from the Green River
Formation. The soil is most commonly fine-sandy.
Gypsum crystals occur in the red sands of the Big Pack Mountain
habitat. The very limited distribution of the species leads us to
suspect that it requires a special edaphic regime. It is possible that
Theiypodiopsis argiliacea grows only with high concentrations of gypsum
in the soil; gypsum that is apparently being leached out and concentrating
along the contact planes of the Green River and Uinta Formations.
The known locations of r. argiliacea are mostly protected sites.
The type location and its vicinity (THARX-UN001-004) on the northeast
side of Big Pack Mountain are the most exposed locations. Other sites are
limited to side canyons. The microhabitats are also somewhat protected.
Populations center on north-facing slopes (although other exposures are
common) and many plants grow under ledges or from the base
of shrubs. In addition to protection from extremes of climate, rocks,
shrubs and ledges can protect the frail plants from sliding shale. Slopes
of this upper section of the Green River Formation are generally very
steep (greater then 70%) and unstable. Many of the largest plants grow
near the base of sandstone caps. While growth may be influenced by soil
factors (see above discussion of gypsum), the plants are probably older
because of their less hazardous location. Many young plants probably
succumb to slides in areas downslope.
ASSOCIATED SPECIES: Theiypodiopsis sites are generally sparsely vegetated,
Population THARX-UN007 illustrates the importance of low density. This
population ends abruptly on passing to a north facing slope where density
of shrubs increases. This correlation suggests that competition may be an
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
*
i
49-
important factor in the distribution of t. argiilacea. Species most
commonly associated with the mustard are Eriogonum corgmbosum, Ephedra
sp. , Artemisia sp. and Artiplex cuneata Or A. conferti folia . Amelanchier
grows with half the populations. At least one grass species grows at
each site.
Despite the time and effort spent inventorying this species, the
full extent of the distribution is still in doubt. Until this summer,
only the type location and its vicinity were known to support t. argiilacea.
Several new sites were located but the geologic element of this species'
habitat is much more extensive. The area of contact between the Uinta
and Green River Formations spans many kilometers within the study area.
Because of its inaccessibility (below vertical, overhanging cliffs
of sandstone), only the most likely sites were visited. Based on
information from previous searches, "protection" was considered critical
to the species. This may not be a valid assumption.
One location, Broome Canyon (THARX-UN005) , was searched in 1978 with
no observation of the mustard. The population in Broome Canyon is small
in stature and size (less than 100 plants) but the plants appeared to be
more than a year old. The species is a perennial from a deep, horizontally
spreading root system. It probably survives periods of drought through
dormancy. The experience in Broome Canyon suggests that r. argiilacea
can be quite obscure in all but the wettest years and may inhabit much
more of its potential habitat. Much additional effort and helicopter time
would be required to follow each known population to its limits and to
investigate the many other possible sites.
THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Theiypodiopsis argiilacea appears relatively
safe from any significant human impact. Only one of the seven sites has
any indication of mining or exploration activity. The obscure jeep road
near this site (THARX-UN001 ) has probably serviced more botanists than
miners for many years. Roads, jeep trails or the Green River pass near
other populations but a strenuous and/or hazardous climb is required to
reach each location. Energy development is unlikely to affect precipitous
MEIIJT RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
'
■50-
locations in this area.
Mutz recommends no special management status because of the species
relatively safe topographic and geologic position and because new
sightings suggest a larger distribution than originally projected.
Shultz recommends Threatened status for t. argiiiacea because
of the very limited range of the species, its distinct identity and
apparently shrinking distribution.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
PLATE 11
To
wnsenaia saensana
Vegetative
Fruit
-51-
TAXON: Townsendia mensana M. E. Jones
FAMILY: ASTERACEAE
TYPE DESCRIPTION: Contributions to Western Botany 13:15. 1910.
SYNONYMS: none
COMMON NAME: none (literally: Townsendia, or Easter Daisy-of-a-month)
STATUS: Recommended Threatened (S.L. Welsh, 1978)'
RECOMMENDED CHANGES: No special management status
DESCRIPTION: Densely caespitose, mound-forming perennial from a deep
taproot, heads sessile among the tight mats of leaves. Leaves
linear to 1 inear-spatulate, 3 - 6 cm long, sparsely canescent; heads
small, buried in the leaves, white-rayed with yellow disk, 1 - 3 cm
broad; receptacle conical, slightly pubescent; phyllaries scarious
margined; pappus bristles barbellate, long on disk achenes and reduced
on ray aches; achenes densely pubescent with glochidiate bristles,
oblanceolate, conspicuously thickened with callous edges.
Townsendia mensana can be distinguished from the closely related t.
hookeri in distribution and growth form, and by the absence of tangled
cilia at the apex of the phyllaries; from t. jonesii, it is distinguished
by its more narrow leaves and phyllaries and by its sessile flowering
heads. Townsendia mensana is i nconspi cuous and therefore easily overlooked,
The plants in the southern part of the Uinta Basin apparently are smaller
than those collected near the type locality. In the southern part of the
Basin, the plants are so small (5-8 cm in diameter) that they are not seen
until nearly underfoot. Marcus Jones describes the plants near Theodore
(now Duchesne) as forming mats 2-4 feet wide. Individuals of this size
have not been found in the East Tavaputs area.
TAX0N0MIC STATUS: Townsendia is a genus that is closely related to
Erigeron in the Asteraceae family. Species of Townsendia are generally
early bloomers (April - June) and are usually low growing, mound forming
plants. The group has proved to be an interesting one for study. A
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-52-
number of species reproduce by apomixis and there is considerable species
intergradation in the genus. The center of speciation for Townsendia is
the Great Basin floristic province, with a number of species evolving
in the Uinta Basin to the east.
The classification and evolutionary systematics of the genus have been
extensively researched by John Beaman (1957) and we follow his treatemnt
in recognition of r. wensana. The species belongs to the Fendleri section
and is probably most closely related to r. hookeri, although the dis-
tinctions are well defined.
KNOWN DISTRIBUTION: Duchesne and Uintah counties, Uinta Basin, Utah;
extending around the rim in the pinyon-juniper zone. Not reported for.
Colorado, but expected within the Piceance Basin. Townsendia mensana
has been collected within a few miles of the Utah-Colorado border (Figure 31)
TYPE COLLECTION: DUCHESNE CO., UTAH: benches of the Uinta
Mountains near Theodore from 6000 - 7500 ft. elev.
M. E. Jones s.n. (date not mentioned in type
description) H0L0TYPE: POM
HABITAT: Although sparse, populations are widespread and predictable
in pinyon-juniper habitat within the Uinta Basin. Within that habitat,
which rims the Basinet 1500 to 2300 ms it is usually a matter of a
short search before t. mensana is located. The species is more
abundant in dense P-J woodlands but does extend to drier sites (e.g. shale
knolls) with other endemics.
Geology does not strongly influence Townsendia. Plants are distributed
on both the Green River and Uintah Formations.
ASSOCIATED SPECIES: Pinus edulis, Juniperus osteosperma and occassional ly
J. scopulorum.
THREATS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: Individuals and scattered groups of plants
on the Parachute and Evacuation Creek members are threatened by oil shale
development as is eyery other endemic in the area. The larger more
southern distribution of Townsendia on the Douglas Creek member is safe
MEIIJT RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-53-
from oil shale development (below the Mahogany Zone) but may be subject
to other energy development (e.g., tar sands). The effect of major
range improvement projects (e.g. chaining) is unclear. Plants seem to
survive or reinvade chained areas but heavy grazing/trampling might
severely reduce the local population.
The scattered nature of r. mensana and its preference for P - J
woodland makes destruction of any large portion of this species very
unlikely. Protection of the population through active management of
its extensive habitats would also be difficult. Prevention of overgrazing
and moderation in range improvement projects may be the best strategy
for the species.
ME1IJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
Table 1.
-54-
Summary of Status Recommendations
Species
Federal
Register
Welsh
1975
1976
1978
Aquilegia
_
_
barnebyi
(Colora
do:
E)
-
Cryptantha
barnebyi
T
-
E
Cryptantha
grahamii
E
-
T
Cymopterus
duchesnensis
E
-
T
Eriogonum
ephedroides
E
E
T
Eriogonum
intermontanum
E
E
E
Glaucocarpum
suffrutescens
E
E
E
Mirabilis alipes
(Hermidium alipes
-
E
_
Shultz
1979
Mutz
1979
deferred deferred
Penstemon
grahamii
Physaria
grahami
Sclerocactus
glaucus
Thelypodiopsis
argillacea
Towns end i a
mensana
Possibly
Extinct
E T
deferred deferred
Threatened
Endangered
no recommendation for special status
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
-55-
SUMMARY OF IMPACTS
The major threat to plant endemics of the Uinta Basin is from
energy develoDment which is certain to increase in coming years. Already
energy development is creating new, and widening old roads through
fragile habitat. While the habitat destruction from oil and gas drilling
can be minimized, the development of oil shale resources would have wide
ranging effects on the vegetation of the area. Construction of dams
and drilling of water wells for retorting and culinary water may affect
the water table in a large area and drastically change plant communities.
There is an interesting paradox in the pro- and anti-development
debate. Preservation of the shale-barren endemics may have the
greatest economic effect on the people directly involved in development.
These endemics, that have adapted to a hostile environment through many
thousands of years, are probably the best suited species to use in
colonizing' the mineral spoils of development,
The potential resource in the unique gene pool of the shale-
barren endemics is a powerful argument for preservation of species. It
should be stressed here that transplants of species to different habitats
are not a means of saving the species from extinction. Without constant
human care, relocated plants might eventually die - either from cold
or competition from other plants. Preservation of habitat is the only
way to ensure continued growth of the species.
In a region unusually rich in unique species, it would be wise
to withdraw from development an area large enoucjh to ensure the preservation
of the endemic species. This does not necessarily mean "no-development",
but "alternate-development." Roads do not need to be constructed through
the middle of isolated populations.
The Willow Creek - Hill Creek - Sweetwater Creek drainage is an
area rich in unique species. The potential importance of such an area
is reason to set aside large portions of land -as biological /geological
research areas.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
t c
e Q
U <&
-56-
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Axelrod, D.I. 1950. Evolution of desert vegetation in western North
America. Carnegie Inst. Wash. Pub. 590: 215-306
Axelrod, D.I. 1952. A theory of angiosperm evolution. Evolution 6:
29-60.
Axelrod, D.I. 1966. The Eocene Copper Basin flora of northeastern
Nevada. Univ. Calif. Publ. Geol. Sci. 59: 1-125.
Axelrod, D.I. 1972. Edaphic aridity as a factor in angiosperm
evoution. American Naturalist 106: 311-20
Beaman, J. 1957. Systematics and Evolution of Tovnsendia ( Compos itae) .
Contr. to Gray Herb. 183: 1-151.
Cashion, W.B. 1967. Geology and Fuel Resources of the Green River
Formation in Southeastern Uinta Basin, Utah and Colorado. Geol.
Survey Professional Paper 548 fc Dept. of Interior.
Cronquist, Arthur. 1978. The Biota of the Intermountain Region in
Geohistorical Context. Great Basin Naturalist Memoirs 2:3-15.
Dietz, R. S. and J. C. Holden. 1970. The breakup of Pangaea.
Scientific American 223(4) : 30-41 .
Graham, E. H. 1937. Botanical Studies in the Uinta Basin of Utah
and Colorado. Annals of the Carnegie Museum 26:1-432.
Holmgren, N. H. in Cronquist et al. 1972. Intermountain Flora, vol.
1. Plant Geography of the Intermountain Region. Hafner Press,
New York.
Kruckeberg, Arthur R. 1969. Plant Life on Sepentinite and other
f erromagnesian rocks in northwestern North America. Syesis
2:15-114.
MacMahon, J. A. 1979. North American Deserts: their floral and
faunal componenets. Arid-land Ecosystems: Structure, Functioning,
and Management Vol. 1, ed. R. A. Perry & D. W. Goodall. pp. 21-82.
Raven, Peter. 1972. Plant Species disjunctions: A Summary.
Ann Mo Bot. Gard. 59:234-246.
Raven, Peter H. and D. I. Axelrod. 1974. Angiosperm biogeography
and post-continental movements. Ann.' Mo. Bot. Gard. 61:539-673.
Raven, Peter H. and D. I. Axelrod. 1978. Origin and Relationships
of the California Flora. Univ. Calif. Publ. in Bot. 72:1-134.
Roberts, R. J. 1968. Tectonic framework of the Great Basin. Univ.
Missouri Rolla J. 1:101-119.
c «
c «
-57-
Stebbins, G. Ledyard and J. Major. 1965. Endemisra and Speciation
in the California Flora. Ecological Monographs 35:1-35.
Tidwell, W. D., S. R. Rushforth & D. Simper. 1972. Evolution
of floras of the In te mountain Region, pp. 19-39 jLn Cronquist
et. al. Intermountain Flora, vol. 1. Hafner, New York.
Weber, W. A. 1965. Plant Geography in the Southern Rockies jLn
The Quaternary of the U. S. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton.
Whittaker, R. H. 1954. The ecology of serpentine soils IV. The
vegetational response to serpentine soils. Ecology 35:275-288,
t
t
* .1
-58-
APPENDIX 1. General Distribution Maps
The following figures are meant to depict the approximate
distribution of the species in northeastern Utah and northwestern
Colorado. Most herbarium records were taken from Brigham Young
University Herbarium, the Garrett Herbarium and the Intermountain
Herbarium. No attempt was made to. indicate every collection.
"Additional sightings" information is based on observations
made during the Willow Creek drainage survey, Summer 1979.
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
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APPENDIX 2. Abbreviations
AMH - Alyce M. Hreha
BRY - Brigham Young University Herbarium
F - Chicago Natural History Museum Herbarium
GH - Gray Herbarium, Harvard University
GRJ - Gerald R. Jacob
JLE - J. Larry England
JP - Julia Page
JSP - J. Scott Peterson
JSS - John S. Shultz
KMM - Kathryn M. Mutz
LMS - Leila M. Shultz
POM - Pomona College Herbarium
RM - Rocky Mountain Herbarium
RSA - Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Herbarium
US - United States National Herbarium
UTC - Intermountain Herbarium, Utah State University
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
•
72-
APPENDIX 3. Uinta Basin Specimens
(Shultz & Shultz 1979 collections)
Not in Vernal BLM Herbarium as of June 8, 1979
Asteraceae
Brickellia microphylla
Chrysothamnus nauseosus
Chrysothamnus depressus
Erigeron nematophyllus
Haplopappus scaposa var. linearis
Machaeranthera grindelioides
Stephanomeria tenui folia
Boraginaceae
(Coldenia nuttallii) Tiquilia nuttallii
Brassicaceae
Arabis pendulina
Cactaceae
Sclerocactus glaucus
Caryophyllaceae
Arenaria hooker i var. desertorum
Chenopodiaceae
Bassia hyssopi folia
Kochia scoparia
Suaeda fruticosa
Fabaceae
Astragalus lutosus
Oxytropis jonesii
Fagaceae
Quercus gambellii
Linaceae
Linum aristatum
Loasaceae
Mentzelia humilis
Polemoniaceae
Phlox muscoides
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
73-
Polygalaceae
Polygala Sp.
Polygonaceae
Eriogonum a latum
Eriogonum viridulum
Ranunculaceae
Aquilegia barnebyi
Delphinium geyeri
Delphinium nuttallianum
Scroph ulariaceae
Cordulanthus ramosus
MEIIJI RESOURCE CONSULTANTS
74-
APPENDIX 4. Site Location Maps
MAP EXPLANATION
( J Location of discreet group of plants
( J Approximate area of disjunct groups of plants
? Extent of population unknown; area not inventoried
A "Sub-population" discussed in text or data forms
Species Designations:
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AQBAX-UNOOl
AQBAX Aquilegia barnebyi
PAL I 6 Bolophyta ligulata
CRBA6 Cryptantha barnebyi
CRGR4 Cryptantha grahamii
CYDU Cymopterus duchesnensis
EREP Eriogonum ephedroides
ERINX Eriogonum intermontanum
GLSU Glaucocarpum suffrutescens
PEGR6 Penstemon grahamii
ECGL Sclerocactus glaucus
THARX Thelypodiopsis argillacea
TOME 2 Townsendia mensana
Figure 2
From enlargement of U.S.G.S. 15v
Nutters Hole, Utah Quadrangle
T. 1 IS. , R.18E.
From enlargement of U.S.G.S. 15°
Nutters Hole, Utah Quadranale
T.10S., R.18-19E.
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Figure 5
From U.S.G.S. 7.5*
Big Pack Mtn., Utah Quadrangle
T.11S., R.20E.
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Big Pack Mtn., Utah Quadrangle
T.11S., R.21E.
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Figure 10
From U.S.G.S. 7.5°
Agency Draw NE, Utah Quadrangle
T.12-13S., R.21E.
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Figure 16
From U.S.G.S. 7.5°
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£i-' V PjM/^/VM ;(^:-.'--;s A>SJZ' ^-\ T.13S., R.23E.
Figure 17a.
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